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Add support for compiling to multiple targets.

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If a flag along the lines of "--target=sse4,avx-x2" is provided on the command-line,
then the program will be compiled for each of the given targets, with a separate
output file generated for each one.  Further, an output file with dispatch functions
that check the current system's CPU and then chooses the best available variant
is also created.

Issue #11.
This commit is contained in:
Matt Pharr
2011-10-04 15:48:37 -07:00
parent 880cbb18cc
commit 06975bc7ab
12 changed files with 798 additions and 118 deletions
Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

2
Makefile
View File

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ CXX_SRC=builtins.cpp ctx.cpp decl.cpp expr.cpp ispc.cpp \
HEADERS=builtins.h ctx.h decl.h expr.h ispc.h llvmutil.h module.h \
opt.h stmt.h sym.h type.h util.h
BUILTINS_SRC=builtins-avx.ll builtins-avx-x2.ll builtins-sse2.ll \
builtins-sse4.ll builtins-sse4x2.ll
builtins-sse4.ll builtins-sse4-x2.ll builtins-dispatch.ll
BISON_SRC=parse.yy
FLEX_SRC=lex.ll

123
builtins-dispatch.ll Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
;; Copyright (c) 2011, Intel Corporation
;; All rights reserved.
;;
;; Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
;; modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
;; met:
;;
;; * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
;; notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
;;
;; * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
;; notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
;; documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
;;
;; * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its
;; contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
;; this software without specific prior written permission.
;;
;;
;; THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
;; IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
;; TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
;; PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER
;; OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
;; EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
;; PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
;; PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
;; LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
;; NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
;; SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
;; This file defines various functions that are used when generating the
;; the "dispatch" object/assembly file that has entrypoints for each
;; exported function in a module that dispatch to the best available
;; variant of that function that will run on the system's CPU.
;; Stores the best target ISA that the system on which we're actually
;; running supports. -1 represents "uninitialized", otherwise this value
;; should correspond to one of the enumerant values of Target::ISA from
;; ispc.h.
@__system_best_isa = internal global i32 -1
declare void @abort() noreturn
;; The below is the result of running "clang -O2 -emit-llvm -c -o -" on the
;; following code... Specifically, __get_system_isa should return a value
;; corresponding to one of the Target::ISA enumerant values that gives the
;; most capable ISA that the curremt system can run.
;;
;; #ifdef _MSC_VER
;; extern void __stdcall __cpuid(int info[4], int infoType);
;; #else
;; static void __cpuid(int info[4], int infoType) {
;; __asm__ __volatile__ ("cpuid"
;; : "=a" (info[0]), "=b" (info[1]), "=c" (info[2]), "=d" (info[3])
;; : "0" (infoType));
;; }
;; #endif
;;
;; int32_t __get_system_isa() {
;; int info[4];
;; __cpuid(info, 1);
;; /* NOTE: the values returned below must be the same as the
;; corresponding enumerant values in Target::ISA. */
;; if ((info[2] & (1 << 28)) != 0)
;; return 2; // AVX
;; else if ((info[2] & (1 << 19)) != 0)
;; return 1; // SSE4
;; else if ((info[3] & (1 << 26)) != 0)
;; return 0; // SSE2
;; else
;; abort();
;; }
%0 = type { i32, i32, i32, i32 }
define internal i32 @__get_system_isa() nounwind ssp {
%1 = tail call %0 asm sideeffect "cpuid", "={ax},={bx},={cx},={dx},0,~{dirflag},~{fpsr},~{flags}"(i32 1) nounwind
%2 = extractvalue %0 %1, 2
%3 = extractvalue %0 %1, 3
%4 = and i32 %2, 268435456
%5 = icmp eq i32 %4, 0
br i1 %5, label %6, label %13
; <label>:6 ; preds = %0
%7 = and i32 %2, 524288
%8 = icmp eq i32 %7, 0
br i1 %8, label %9, label %13
; <label>:9 ; preds = %6
%10 = and i32 %3, 67108864
%11 = icmp eq i32 %10, 0
br i1 %11, label %12, label %13
; <label>:12 ; preds = %9
tail call void @abort() noreturn nounwind
unreachable
; <label>:13 ; preds = %9, %6, %0
%.0 = phi i32 [ 2, %0 ], [ 1, %6 ], [ 0, %9 ]
ret i32 %.0
}
;; This function is called by each of the dispatch functions we generate;
;; it sets @__system_best_isa if it is unset.
define internal void @__set_system_isa() {
entry:
%bi = load i32* @__system_best_isa
%unset = icmp eq i32 %bi, -1
br i1 %unset, label %set_system_isa, label %done
set_system_isa:
%bival = call i32 @__get_system_isa()
store i32 %bival, i32* @__system_best_isa
ret void
done:
ret void
}

0
builtins-sse4x2.ll → builtins-sse4-x2.ll
View File

41
builtins.cpp
View File

@@ -336,9 +336,9 @@ lCheckModuleIntrinsics(llvm::Module *module) {
@param module Module to link the bitcode into
@param symbolTable Symbol table to add definitions to
*/
static void
lAddBitcode(const unsigned char *bitcode, int length,
llvm::Module *module, SymbolTable *symbolTable) {
void
AddBitcodeToModule(const unsigned char *bitcode, int length,
llvm::Module *module, SymbolTable *symbolTable) {
std::string bcErr;
llvm::StringRef sb = llvm::StringRef((char *)bitcode, length);
llvm::MemoryBuffer *bcBuf = llvm::MemoryBuffer::getMemBuffer(sb);
@@ -365,7 +365,8 @@ lAddBitcode(const unsigned char *bitcode, int length,
std::string(linkError);
if (llvm::Linker::LinkModules(module, bcModule, &linkError))
Error(SourcePos(), "Error linking stdlib bitcode: %s", linkError.c_str());
lAddModuleSymbols(module, symbolTable);
if (symbolTable != NULL)
lAddModuleSymbols(module, symbolTable);
lCheckModuleIntrinsics(module);
}
}
@@ -435,14 +436,14 @@ DefineStdlib(SymbolTable *symbolTable, llvm::LLVMContext *ctx, llvm::Module *mod
if (g->target.is32bit) {
extern unsigned char builtins_bitcode_c_32[];
extern int builtins_bitcode_c_32_length;
lAddBitcode(builtins_bitcode_c_32, builtins_bitcode_c_32_length,
module, symbolTable);
AddBitcodeToModule(builtins_bitcode_c_32, builtins_bitcode_c_32_length,
module, symbolTable);
}
else {
extern unsigned char builtins_bitcode_c_64[];
extern int builtins_bitcode_c_64_length;
lAddBitcode(builtins_bitcode_c_64, builtins_bitcode_c_64_length,
module, symbolTable);
AddBitcodeToModule(builtins_bitcode_c_64, builtins_bitcode_c_64_length,
module, symbolTable);
}
// Next, add the target's custom implementations of the various needed
@@ -451,22 +452,22 @@ DefineStdlib(SymbolTable *symbolTable, llvm::LLVMContext *ctx, llvm::Module *mod
case Target::SSE2:
extern unsigned char builtins_bitcode_sse2[];
extern int builtins_bitcode_sse2_length;
lAddBitcode(builtins_bitcode_sse2, builtins_bitcode_sse2_length, module,
symbolTable);
AddBitcodeToModule(builtins_bitcode_sse2, builtins_bitcode_sse2_length,
module, symbolTable);
break;
case Target::SSE4:
extern unsigned char builtins_bitcode_sse4[];
extern int builtins_bitcode_sse4_length;
extern unsigned char builtins_bitcode_sse4x2[];
extern int builtins_bitcode_sse4x2_length;
extern unsigned char builtins_bitcode_sse4_x2[];
extern int builtins_bitcode_sse4_x2_length;
switch (g->target.vectorWidth) {
case 4:
lAddBitcode(builtins_bitcode_sse4, builtins_bitcode_sse4_length,
module, symbolTable);
AddBitcodeToModule(builtins_bitcode_sse4, builtins_bitcode_sse4_length,
module, symbolTable);
break;
case 8:
lAddBitcode(builtins_bitcode_sse4x2, builtins_bitcode_sse4x2_length,
module, symbolTable);
AddBitcodeToModule(builtins_bitcode_sse4_x2, builtins_bitcode_sse4_x2_length,
module, symbolTable);
break;
default:
FATAL("logic error in DefineStdlib");
@@ -477,14 +478,14 @@ DefineStdlib(SymbolTable *symbolTable, llvm::LLVMContext *ctx, llvm::Module *mod
case 8:
extern unsigned char builtins_bitcode_avx[];
extern int builtins_bitcode_avx_length;
lAddBitcode(builtins_bitcode_avx, builtins_bitcode_avx_length, module,
symbolTable);
AddBitcodeToModule(builtins_bitcode_avx, builtins_bitcode_avx_length,
module, symbolTable);
break;
case 16:
extern unsigned char builtins_bitcode_avx_x2[];
extern int builtins_bitcode_avx_x2_length;
lAddBitcode(builtins_bitcode_avx_x2, builtins_bitcode_avx_x2_length,
module, symbolTable);
AddBitcodeToModule(builtins_bitcode_avx_x2, builtins_bitcode_avx_x2_length,
module, symbolTable);
break;
default:
FATAL("logic error in DefineStdlib");

3
builtins.h
View File

@@ -55,4 +55,7 @@
void DefineStdlib(SymbolTable *symbolTable, llvm::LLVMContext *ctx, llvm::Module *module,
bool includeStdlib);
void AddBitcodeToModule(const unsigned char *bitcode, int length,
llvm::Module *module, SymbolTable *symbolTable = NULL);
#endif // ISPC_STDLIB_H

22
ispc.cpp
View File

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ Target::GetTarget(const char *arch, const char *cpu, const char *isa,
t->vectorWidth = 4;
t->attributes = "+sse,+sse2,+sse3,+sse41,-sse42,-sse4a,+ssse3,-popcnt,+cmov";
}
else if (!strcasecmp(isa, "sse4x2")) {
else if (!strcasecmp(isa, "sse4x2") || !strcasecmp(isa, "sse4-x2")) {
t->isa = Target::SSE4;
t->nativeVectorWidth = 4;
t->vectorWidth = 8;
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ Target::SupportedTargetArchs() {
const char *
Target::SupportedTargetISAs() {
return "sse2, sse4, sse4x2"
return "sse2, sse4, sse4-x2"
#if defined(LLVM_3_0) || defined(LLVM_3_0svn)
", avx, avx-x2"
#endif
@@ -252,6 +252,23 @@ Target::GetTargetMachine() const {
}
const char *
Target::GetISAString() const {
switch (isa) {
case Target::SSE2:
return "sse2";
case Target::SSE4:
return "sse4";
case Target::AVX:
return "avx";
break;
default:
FATAL("Unhandled target in GetISAString()");
}
return "";
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Opt
@@ -283,6 +300,7 @@ Globals::Globals() {
emitPerfWarnings = true;
emitInstrumentation = false;
generateDebuggingSymbols = false;
mangleFunctionsWithTarget = false;
ctx = new llvm::LLVMContext;

15
ispc.h
View File

@@ -185,13 +185,20 @@ struct Target {
/** Returns the LLVM TargetMachine object corresponding to this
target. */
llvm::TargetMachine *GetTargetMachine() const;
/** Returns a string like "avx" encoding the target. */
const char *GetISAString() const;
/** llvm Target object representing this target. */
const llvm::Target *target;
/** Enumerator giving the instruction sets that the compiler can
target. */
enum ISA { SSE2, SSE4, AVX };
target. These should be ordered from "worse" to "better" in that
if a processor supports multiple target ISAs, then the most
flexible/performant of them will apear last in the enumerant. Note
also that __best_available_isa() needs to be updated if ISAs are
added or the enumerant values are reordered. */
enum ISA { SSE2, SSE4, AVX, NUM_ISAS };
/** Instruction set being compiled to. */
ISA isa;
@@ -354,6 +361,10 @@ struct Globals {
/** Indicates whether ispc should generate debugging symbols for the
program in its output. */
bool generateDebuggingSymbols;
/** If true, function names are mangled by appending the target ISA and
vector width to them. */
bool mangleFunctionsWithTarget;
/** Global LLVMContext object */
llvm::LLVMContext *ctx;

60
ispc.vcxproj
View File

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Project DefaultTargets="Build" ToolsVersion="4.0" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
<ItemGroup Label="ProjectConfigurations">
<ProjectConfiguration Include="Debug|Win32">
@@ -19,9 +19,10 @@
<ClCompile Include="gen-bitcode-avx-x2.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="gen-bitcode-c-32.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="gen-bitcode-c-64.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="gen-bitcode-sse2.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="gen-bitcode-dispatch.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="gen-bitcode-sse2.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="gen-bitcode-sse4.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="gen-bitcode-sse4x2.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="gen-bitcode-sse4-x2.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="gen-stdlib.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="ispc.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="lex.cc" />
@@ -71,30 +72,43 @@
<Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">Building gen-stdlib.cpp</Message>
</CustomBuild>
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<CustomBuild Include="builtins-sse4.ll">
<FileType>Document</FileType>
<Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">m4 builtins.m4 builtins-sse4.ll | python bitcode2cpp.py builtins-sse4.ll &gt; gen-bitcode-sse4.cpp</Command>
<Outputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">gen-bitcode-sse4.cpp</Outputs>
<AdditionalInputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">builtins.m4;builtins-sse.ll</AdditionalInputs>
<Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">m4 builtins.m4 builtins-sse4.ll | python bitcode2cpp.py builtins-sse4.ll &gt; gen-bitcode-sse4.cpp</Command>
<Outputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">gen-bitcode-sse4.cpp</Outputs>
<AdditionalInputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">builtins.m4;builtins-sse.ll</AdditionalInputs>
<Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">Building gen-bitcode-sse4.cpp</Message>
<Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">Building gen-bitcode-sse4.cpp</Message>
</CustomBuild>
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<CustomBuild Include="builtins-dispatch.ll">
<FileType>Document</FileType>
<Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">m4 builtins.m4 builtins-dispatch.ll | python bitcode2cpp.py builtins-dispatch.ll &gt; gen-bitcode-dispatch.cpp</Command>
<Outputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">gen-bitcode-dispatch.cpp</Outputs>
<AdditionalInputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">builtins.m4</AdditionalInputs>
<Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">m4 builtins.m4 builtins-dispatch.ll | python bitcode2cpp.py builtins-dispatch.ll &gt; gen-bitcode-dispatch.cpp</Command>
<Outputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">gen-bitcode-dispatch.cpp</Outputs>
<AdditionalInputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">builtins.m4</AdditionalInputs>
<Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">Building gen-bitcode-dispatch.cpp</Message>
<Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">Building gen-bitcode-dispatch.cpp</Message>
</CustomBuild>
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<CustomBuild Include="builtins-sse4.ll">
<CustomBuild Include="builtins-sse4-x2.ll">
<FileType>Document</FileType>
<Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">m4 builtins.m4 builtins-sse4.ll | python bitcode2cpp.py builtins-sse4.ll &gt; gen-bitcode-sse4.cpp</Command>
<Outputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">gen-bitcode-sse4.cpp</Outputs>
<Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">m4 builtins.m4 builtins-sse4-x2.ll | python bitcode2cpp.py builtins-sse4-x2.ll &gt; gen-bitcode-sse4-x2.cpp</Command>
<Outputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">gen-bitcode-sse4-x2.cpp</Outputs>
<AdditionalInputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">builtins.m4;builtins-sse.ll</AdditionalInputs>
<Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">m4 builtins.m4 builtins-sse4.ll | python bitcode2cpp.py builtins-sse4.ll &gt; gen-bitcode-sse4.cpp</Command>
<Outputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">gen-bitcode-sse4.cpp</Outputs>
<Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">m4 builtins.m4 builtins-sse4-x2.ll | python bitcode2cpp.py builtins-sse4-x2.ll &gt; gen-bitcode-sse4-x2.cpp</Command>
<Outputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">gen-bitcode-sse4-x2.cpp</Outputs>
<AdditionalInputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">builtins.m4;builtins-sse.ll</AdditionalInputs>
<Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">Building gen-bitcode-sse4.cpp</Message>
<Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">Building gen-bitcode-sse4.cpp</Message>
</CustomBuild>
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<CustomBuild Include="builtins-sse4x2.ll">
<FileType>Document</FileType>
<Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">m4 builtins.m4 builtins-sse4x2.ll | python bitcode2cpp.py builtins-sse4x2.ll &gt; gen-bitcode-sse4x2.cpp</Command>
<Outputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">gen-bitcode-sse4x2.cpp</Outputs>
<AdditionalInputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">builtins.m4;builtins-sse.ll</AdditionalInputs>
<Command Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">m4 builtins.m4 builtins-sse4x2.ll | python bitcode2cpp.py builtins-sse4x2.ll &gt; gen-bitcode-sse4x2.cpp</Command>
<Outputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">gen-bitcode-sse4x2.cpp</Outputs>
<AdditionalInputs Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">builtins.m4;builtins-sse.ll</AdditionalInputs>
<Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">Building gen-bitcode-sse4x2.cpp</Message>
<Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">Building gen-bitcode-sse4x2.cpp</Message>
<Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">Building gen-bitcode-sse4-x2.cpp</Message>
<Message Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|Win32'">Building gen-bitcode-sse4-x2.cpp</Message>
</CustomBuild>
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>

18
main.cpp
View File

@@ -329,20 +329,6 @@ int main(int Argc, char *Argv[]) {
if (debugSet && !optSet)
g->opt.level = 0;
if (!Target::GetTarget(arch, cpu, target, generatePIC, &g->target))
usage(1);
m = new Module(file);
if (m->CompileFile() == 0) {
if (outFileName != NULL)
if (!m->WriteOutput(ot, outFileName))
return 1;
if (headerFileName != NULL)
if (!m->WriteOutput(Module::Header, headerFileName))
return 1;
}
int errorCount = m->errorCount;
delete m;
return errorCount > 0;
return Module::CompileAndOutput(file, arch, cpu, target, generatePIC,
ot, outFileName, headerFileName);
}

583
module.cpp
View File

@@ -69,6 +69,9 @@
#include <llvm/DerivedTypes.h>
#include <llvm/Instructions.h>
#include <llvm/Intrinsics.h>
#include <llvm/PassManager.h>
#include <llvm/PassRegistry.h>
#include <llvm/Transforms/IPO.h>
#include <llvm/Support/FormattedStream.h>
#include <llvm/Support/FileUtilities.h>
#include <llvm/Target/TargetMachine.h>
@@ -333,6 +336,8 @@ lInitFunSymDecl(DeclSpecs *ds, Declarator *decl) {
llvm::GlobalValue::InternalLinkage : llvm::GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage;
std::string functionName = ((ds->storageClass == SC_EXTERN_C) ?
funSym->name : funSym->MangledName());
if (g->mangleFunctionsWithTarget)
functionName += g->target.GetISAString();
llvm::Function *function =
llvm::Function::Create(llvmFunctionType, linkage, functionName.c_str(), m->module);
@@ -497,8 +502,6 @@ Module::AddGlobal(DeclSpecs *ds, Declarator *decl) {
}
LLVM_TYPE_CONST llvm::Type *llvmType = decl->sym->type->LLVMType(g->ctx);
(ds->storageClass == SC_STATIC) ? llvm::GlobalValue::InternalLinkage :
llvm::GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage;
// See if we have an initializer expression for the global. If so,
// make sure it's a compile-time constant!
@@ -830,11 +833,14 @@ Module::AddFunction(DeclSpecs *ds, Declarator *decl, Stmt *code) {
LLVM_TYPE_CONST llvm::FunctionType *ftype =
functionType->LLVMFunctionType(g->ctx);
llvm::GlobalValue::LinkageTypes linkage = llvm::GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage;
std::string functionName = funSym->name;
if (g->mangleFunctionsWithTarget)
functionName += std::string("_") + g->target.GetISAString();
llvm::Function *appFunction =
llvm::Function::Create(ftype, linkage, funSym->name.c_str(), module);
llvm::Function::Create(ftype, linkage, functionName.c_str(), module);
appFunction->setDoesNotThrow(true);
if (appFunction->getName() != funSym->name) {
if (appFunction->getName() != functionName) {
// this was a redefinition for which we already emitted an
// error, so don't worry about this one...
appFunction->eraseFromParent();
@@ -864,7 +870,7 @@ Module::AddFunction(DeclSpecs *ds, Declarator *decl, Stmt *code) {
bool
Module::WriteOutput(OutputType outputType, const char *outFileName) {
Module::writeOutput(OutputType outputType, const char *outFileName) {
#if defined(LLVM_3_0) || defined(LLVM_3_0svn)
if (diBuilder != NULL && outputType != Header)
diBuilder->finalize();
@@ -904,42 +910,54 @@ Module::WriteOutput(OutputType outputType, const char *outFileName) {
if (outputType == Header)
return writeHeader(outFileName);
else {
if (outputType == Bitcode) {
// Get a file descriptor corresponding to where we want the output
// to go. If we open it, it'll be closed by the
// llvm::raw_fd_ostream destructor.
int fd;
if (!strcmp(outFileName, "-"))
fd = 1; // stdout
else {
int flags = O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC;
#ifdef ISPC_IS_WINDOWS
flags |= O_BINARY;
fd = _open(outFileName, flags, 0644);
#else
fd = open(outFileName, flags, 0644);
#endif // ISPC_IS_WINDOWS
if (fd == -1) {
perror(outFileName);
return false;
}
}
llvm::raw_fd_ostream fos(fd, (fd != 1), false);
llvm::WriteBitcodeToFile(module, fos);
return true;
}
else {
if (outputType == Bitcode)
return writeBitcode(module, outFileName);
else
return writeObjectFileOrAssembly(outputType, outFileName);
}
}
bool
Module::writeBitcode(llvm::Module *module, const char *outFileName) {
// Get a file descriptor corresponding to where we want the output to
// go. If we open it, it'll be closed by the llvm::raw_fd_ostream
// destructor.
int fd;
if (!strcmp(outFileName, "-"))
fd = 1; // stdout
else {
int flags = O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC;
#ifdef ISPC_IS_WINDOWS
flags |= O_BINARY;
fd = _open(outFileName, flags, 0644);
#else
fd = open(outFileName, flags, 0644);
#endif // ISPC_IS_WINDOWS
if (fd == -1) {
perror(outFileName);
return false;
}
}
llvm::raw_fd_ostream fos(fd, (fd != 1), false);
llvm::WriteBitcodeToFile(module, fos);
return true;
}
bool
Module::writeObjectFileOrAssembly(OutputType outputType, const char *outFileName) {
llvm::TargetMachine *targetMachine = g->target.GetTargetMachine();
return writeObjectFileOrAssembly(targetMachine, module, outputType,
outFileName);
}
bool
Module::writeObjectFileOrAssembly(llvm::TargetMachine *targetMachine,
llvm::Module *module, OutputType outputType,
const char *outFileName) {
// Figure out if we're generating object file or assembly output, and
// set binary output for object files
llvm::TargetMachine::CodeGenFileType fileType = (outputType == Object) ?
@@ -1303,21 +1321,6 @@ Module::writeHeader(const char *fn) {
fprintf(f, "#include <stdint.h>\n\n");
switch (g->target.isa) {
case Target::SSE2:
fprintf(f, "#define ISPC_TARGET_SSE2\n\n");
break;
case Target::SSE4:
fprintf(f, "#define ISPC_TARGET_SSE4\n\n");
break;
case Target::AVX:
fprintf(f, "#define ISPC_TARGET_AVX\n\n");
break;
default:
FATAL("Unhandled target in header emission");
}
fprintf(f, "#define ISPC_TARGET_VECTOR_WIDTH %d\n", g->target.vectorWidth);
fprintf(f, "#ifdef __cplusplus\nnamespace ispc {\n#endif // __cplusplus\n\n");
if (g->emitInstrumentation) {
@@ -1426,7 +1429,7 @@ Module::execPreprocessor(const char* infilename, llvm::raw_string_ostream* ostre
opts.addMacroDef("PI=3.1415926535");
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < g->cppArgs.size(); ++i) {
//Sanity Check, should really begin with -D
// Sanity Check, should really begin with -D
if (g->cppArgs[i].substr(0,2) == "-D") {
opts.addMacroDef(g->cppArgs[i].substr(2));
}
@@ -1439,3 +1442,489 @@ Module::execPreprocessor(const char* infilename, llvm::raw_string_ostream* ostre
ostream, inst.getPreprocessorOutputOpts());
diagPrinter->EndSourceFile();
}
// Given an output filename of the form "foo.obj", and an ISA name like
// "avx", return a string with the ISA name inserted before the original
// filename's suffix, like "foo_avx.obj".
static std::string
lGetTargetFileName(const char *outFileName, const char *isaString) {
char *targetOutFileName = new char[strlen(outFileName) + 16];
if (strrchr(outFileName, '.') != NULL) {
// Copy everything up to the last '.'
int count = strrchr(outFileName, '.') - outFileName;
strncpy(targetOutFileName, outFileName, count);
targetOutFileName[count] = '\0';
// Add the ISA name
strcat(targetOutFileName, "_");
strcat(targetOutFileName, isaString);
// And finish with the original file suffiz
strcat(targetOutFileName, strrchr(outFileName, '.'));
}
else {
// Can't find a '.' in the filename, so just append the ISA suffix
// to what we weregiven
strcpy(targetOutFileName, outFileName);
strcat(targetOutFileName, "_");
strcat(targetOutFileName, isaString);
}
return targetOutFileName;
}
// Given a comma-delimited string with one or more compilation targets of
// the form "sse2,avx-x2", return a vector of strings where each returned
// string holds one of the targets from the given string.
static std::vector<std::string>
lExtractTargets(const char *target) {
std::vector<std::string> targets;
const char *tstart = target;
bool done = false;
while (!done) {
const char *tend = strchr(tstart, ',');
if (tend == NULL) {
done = true;
tend = strchr(tstart, '\0');
}
targets.push_back(std::string(tstart, tend));
tstart = tend+1;
}
return targets;
}
static bool
lSymbolIsExported(const Symbol *s) {
return s->exportedFunction != NULL;
}
// Small structure to hold pointers to the various different versions of a
// llvm::Function that were compiled for different compilation target ISAs.
struct FunctionTargetVariants {
FunctionTargetVariants() {
for (int i = 0; i < Target::NUM_ISAS; ++i)
func[i] = NULL;
}
// The func array is indexed with the Target::ISA enumerant. Some
// values may be NULL, indicating that the original function wasn't
// compiled to the corresponding target ISA.
llvm::Function *func[Target::NUM_ISAS];
};
// Given the symbol table for a module, return a map from function names to
// FunctionTargetVariants for each function that was defined with the
// 'export' qualifier in ispc.
static void
lGetExportedFunctions(SymbolTable *symbolTable,
std::map<std::string, FunctionTargetVariants> &functions) {
std::vector<Symbol *> syms;
symbolTable->GetMatchingFunctions(lSymbolIsExported, &syms);
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < syms.size(); ++i) {
FunctionTargetVariants &ftv = functions[syms[i]->name];
ftv.func[g->target.isa] = syms[i]->exportedFunction;
}
}
struct RewriteGlobalInfo {
RewriteGlobalInfo(llvm::GlobalVariable *g = NULL, llvm::Constant *i = NULL,
SourcePos p = SourcePos()) {
gv = g;
init = i;
pos = p;
}
llvm::GlobalVariable *gv;
llvm::Constant *init;
SourcePos pos;
};
// Grab all of the global value definitions from the module and change them
// to be declarations; we'll emit a single definition of each global in the
// final module used with the dispatch functions, so that we don't have
// multiple definitions of them, one in each of the target-specific output
// files.
static void
lExtractAndRewriteGlobals(llvm::Module *module,
std::vector<RewriteGlobalInfo> *globals) {
llvm::Module::global_iterator iter;
for (iter = module->global_begin(); iter != module->global_end(); ++iter) {
llvm::GlobalVariable *gv = iter;
// Is it a global definition?
if (gv->getLinkage() == llvm::GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage &&
gv->hasInitializer()) {
// Turn this into an 'extern 'declaration by clearing its
// initializer.
llvm::Constant *init = gv->getInitializer();
gv->setInitializer(NULL);
Symbol *sym =
m->symbolTable->LookupVariable(gv->getName().str().c_str());
assert(sym != NULL);
globals->push_back(RewriteGlobalInfo(gv, init, sym->pos));
}
}
}
// This function emits a global variable definition for each global that
// was turned into a declaration in the target-specific output file.
static void
lAddExtractedGlobals(llvm::Module *module,
std::vector<RewriteGlobalInfo> globals[Target::NUM_ISAS]) {
// Find the first element in the globals[] array that has values stored
// in it. All elements of this array should either have empty vectors
// (if we didn't compile to the corresponding ISA or if there are no
// globals), or should have the same number of vector elements as the
// other non-empty vectors.
int firstActive = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < Target::NUM_ISAS; ++i)
if (globals[i].size() > 0) {
firstActive = i;
break;
}
if (firstActive == -1)
// no globals
return;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < globals[firstActive].size(); ++i) {
RewriteGlobalInfo &rgi = globals[firstActive][i];
llvm::GlobalVariable *gv = rgi.gv;
LLVM_TYPE_CONST llvm::Type *type = gv->getType()->getElementType();
llvm::Constant *initializer = rgi.init;
// Create a new global in the given model that matches the original
// global
llvm::GlobalVariable *newGlobal =
new llvm::GlobalVariable(*module, type, gv->isConstant(),
llvm::GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage,
initializer, gv->getName());
newGlobal->copyAttributesFrom(gv);
// For all of the other targets that we actually generated code
// for, make sure the global we just created is compatible with the
// global from the module for that target.
for (int j = firstActive + 1; j < Target::NUM_ISAS; ++j) {
if (globals[j].size() > 0) {
// There should be the same number of globals in the other
// vectors, in the same order.
assert(globals[firstActive].size() == globals[j].size());
llvm::GlobalVariable *gv2 = globals[j][i].gv;
assert(gv2->getName() == gv->getName());
// It is possible that the types may not match, though--for
// example, this happens with varying globals if we compile
// to different vector widths.
if (gv2->getType() != gv->getType())
Error(rgi.pos, "Mismatch in size/layout of global "
"variable \"%s\" with different targets. "
"Globals must not include \"varying\" types or arrays "
"with size based on programCount when compiling to "
"targets with differing vector widths.",
gv->getName().str().c_str());
}
}
}
}
/** Create the dispatch function for an exported ispc function.
This function checks to see which vector ISAs the system the
code is running on supports and calls out to the best available
variant that was generated at compile time.
@param module Module in which to create the dispatch function.
@param setISAFunc Pointer to the __set_system_isa() function defined
in builtins-dispatch.ll (which is linked into the
given module before we get here.)
@param systemBestISAPtr Pointer to the module-local __system_best_isa
variable, which holds a value of the Target::ISA
enumerant giving the most capable ISA that the
system supports.
@param name Name of the function for which we're generating a
dispatch function
@param funcs Target-specific variants of the exported function.
*/
static void
lCreateDispatchFunction(llvm::Module *module, llvm::Function *setISAFunc,
llvm::Value *systemBestISAPtr, const std::string &name,
FunctionTargetVariants &funcs) {
// The llvm::Function pointers in funcs are pointers to functions in
// different llvm::Modules, so we can't call them directly. Therefore,
// we'll start by generating an 'extern' declaration of each one that
// we have in the current module so that we can then call out to that.
llvm::Function *targetFuncs[Target::NUM_ISAS];
LLVM_TYPE_CONST llvm::FunctionType *ftype = NULL;
for (int i = 0; i < Target::NUM_ISAS; ++i) {
if (funcs.func[i] == NULL) {
targetFuncs[i] = NULL;
continue;
}
// Grab the type of the function as well.
if (ftype != NULL)
assert(ftype == funcs.func[i]->getFunctionType());
else
ftype = funcs.func[i]->getFunctionType();
targetFuncs[i] =
llvm::Function::Create(ftype, llvm::GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage,
funcs.func[i]->getName(), module);
}
bool voidReturn = ftype->getReturnType()->isVoidTy();
// Now we can emit the definition of the dispatch function..
llvm::Function *dispatchFunc =
llvm::Function::Create(ftype, llvm::GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage,
name.c_str(), module);
llvm::BasicBlock *bblock =
llvm::BasicBlock::Create(*g->ctx, "entry", dispatchFunc);
// Start by calling out to the function that determines the system's
// ISA and sets __system_best_isa, if it hasn't been set yet.
llvm::CallInst::Create(setISAFunc, "", bblock);
// Now we can load the system's ISA enuemrant
llvm::Value *systemISA =
new llvm::LoadInst(systemBestISAPtr, "system_isa", bblock);
// Now emit code that works backwards though the available variants of
// the function. We'll call out to the first one we find that will run
// successfully on the system the code is running on. In working
// through the candidate ISAs here backward, we're taking advantage of
// the expectation that they are ordered in the Target::ISA enumerant
// from least to most capable.
for (int i = Target::NUM_ISAS-1; i >= 0; --i) {
if (targetFuncs[i] == NULL)
continue;
// Emit code to see if the system can run the current candidate
// variant successfully--"is the system's ISA enuemrant value >=
// the enumerant value of the current candidate?"
llvm::Value *ok =
llvm::CmpInst::Create(llvm::Instruction::ICmp, llvm::CmpInst::ICMP_SGE,
systemISA, LLVMInt32(i), "isa_ok", bblock);
llvm::BasicBlock *callBBlock =
llvm::BasicBlock::Create(*g->ctx, "do_call", dispatchFunc);
llvm::BasicBlock *nextBBlock =
llvm::BasicBlock::Create(*g->ctx, "next_try", dispatchFunc);
llvm::BranchInst::Create(callBBlock, nextBBlock, ok, bblock);
// Emit the code to make the call call in callBBlock.
// Just pass through all of the args from the dispatch function to
// the target-specific function.
std::vector<llvm::Value *> args;
llvm::Function::arg_iterator argIter = dispatchFunc->arg_begin();
for (; argIter != dispatchFunc->arg_end(); ++argIter)
args.push_back(argIter);
if (voidReturn) {
#if defined(LLVM_3_0) || defined(LLVM_3_0svn)
llvm::CallInst::Create(targetFuncs[i], args, "", callBBlock);
#else
llvm::CallInst::Create(targetFuncs[i], args.begin(), args.end(),
"", callBBlock);
#endif
llvm::ReturnInst::Create(*g->ctx, callBBlock);
}
else {
#if defined(LLVM_3_0) || defined(LLVM_3_0svn)
llvm::Value *retValue =
llvm::CallInst::Create(targetFuncs[i], args, "ret_value",
callBBlock);
#else
llvm::Value *retValue =
llvm::CallInst::Create(targetFuncs[i], args.begin(), args.end(),
"ret_value", callBBlock);
#endif
llvm::ReturnInst::Create(*g->ctx, retValue, callBBlock);
}
// Otherwise we'll go on to the next candidate and see about that
// one...
bblock = nextBBlock;
}
// We couldn't find a match that the current system was capable of
// running. We'll call abort(); this is a bit of a blunt hammer--it
// might be preferable to call a user-supplied callback--ISPCError(...)
// or some such, but we don't want to start imposing too much of a
// runtime library requirement either...
llvm::Function *abortFunc = module->getFunction("abort");
assert(abortFunc);
llvm::CallInst::Create(abortFunc, "", bblock);
// Return an undef value from the function here; we won't get to this
// point at runtime, but LLVM needs all of the basic blocks to be
// terminated...
if (voidReturn)
llvm::ReturnInst::Create(*g->ctx, bblock);
else {
llvm::Value *undefRet = llvm::UndefValue::get(ftype->getReturnType());
llvm::ReturnInst::Create(*g->ctx, undefRet, bblock);
}
}
// Given a map that holds the mapping from each of the 'export'ed functions
// in the ispc program to the target-specific variants of the function,
// create a llvm::Module that has a dispatch function for each exported
// function that checks the system's capabilities and picks the most
// appropriate compiled variant of the function.
static llvm::Module *
lCreateDispatchModule(std::map<std::string, FunctionTargetVariants> &functions) {
llvm::Module *module = new llvm::Module("dispatch_module", *g->ctx);
// First, link in the definitions from the builtins-dispatch.ll file.
extern unsigned char builtins_bitcode_dispatch[];
extern int builtins_bitcode_dispatch_length;
AddBitcodeToModule(builtins_bitcode_dispatch,
builtins_bitcode_dispatch_length, module);
// Get pointers to things we need below
llvm::Function *setFunc = module->getFunction("__set_system_isa");
assert(setFunc != NULL);
llvm::Value *systemBestISAPtr =
module->getGlobalVariable("__system_best_isa", true);
assert(systemBestISAPtr != NULL);
// For each exported function, create the dispatch function
std::map<std::string, FunctionTargetVariants>::iterator iter;
for (iter = functions.begin(); iter != functions.end(); ++iter)
lCreateDispatchFunction(module, setFunc, systemBestISAPtr,
iter->first, iter->second);
// Do some rudimentary cleanup of the final result and make sure that
// the module is all ok.
llvm::PassManager optPM;
optPM.add(llvm::createGlobalDCEPass());
optPM.add(llvm::createVerifierPass());
optPM.run(*module);
return module;
}
int
Module::CompileAndOutput(const char *srcFile, const char *arch, const char *cpu,
const char *target, bool generatePIC, OutputType outputType,
const char *outFileName, const char *headerFileName) {
if (target == NULL || strchr(target, ',') == NULL) {
// We're only compiling to a single target
if (!Target::GetTarget(arch, cpu, target, generatePIC, &g->target))
return 1;
m = new Module(srcFile);
if (m->CompileFile() == 0) {
if (outFileName != NULL)
if (!m->writeOutput(outputType, outFileName))
return 1;
if (headerFileName != NULL)
if (!m->writeOutput(Module::Header, headerFileName))
return 1;
}
int errorCount = m->errorCount;
delete m;
m = NULL;
return errorCount > 0;
}
else {
// The user supplied multiple targets
std::vector<std::string> targets = lExtractTargets(target);
assert(targets.size() > 1);
if (outFileName != NULL && strcmp(outFileName, "-") == 0) {
Error(SourcePos(), "Multi-target compilation can't generate output "
"to stdout. Please provide an output filename.\n");
return 1;
}
// Make sure that the function names for 'export'ed functions have
// the target ISA appended to them.
g->mangleFunctionsWithTarget = true;
llvm::TargetMachine *targetMachines[Target::NUM_ISAS];
for (int i = 0; i < Target::NUM_ISAS; ++i)
targetMachines[i] = NULL;
std::map<std::string, FunctionTargetVariants> exportedFunctions;
std::vector<RewriteGlobalInfo> globals[Target::NUM_ISAS];
int errorCount = 0;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < targets.size(); ++i) {
if (!Target::GetTarget(arch, cpu, targets[i].c_str(), generatePIC,
&g->target))
return 1;
// Issue an error if we've already compiled to a variant of
// this target ISA. (It doesn't make sense to compile to both
// avx and avx-x2, for example.)
if (targetMachines[g->target.isa] != NULL) {
Error(SourcePos(), "Can't compile to multiple variants of %s "
"target!\n", g->target.GetISAString());
return 1;
}
targetMachines[g->target.isa] = g->target.GetTargetMachine();
m = new Module(srcFile);
if (m->CompileFile() == 0) {
// Grab pointers to the exported functions from the module we
// just compiled, for use in generating the dispatch function
// later.
lGetExportedFunctions(m->symbolTable, exportedFunctions);
lExtractAndRewriteGlobals(m->module, &globals[i]);
if (outFileName != NULL) {
const char *isaName = g->target.GetISAString();
std::string targetOutFileName =
lGetTargetFileName(outFileName, isaName);
if (!m->writeOutput(outputType, targetOutFileName.c_str()))
return 1;
}
}
errorCount += m->errorCount;
// Only write the generate header file, if desired, the first
// time through the loop here.
if (i == 0 && headerFileName != NULL)
if (!m->writeOutput(Module::Header, headerFileName))
return 1;
// Important: Don't delete the llvm::Module *m here; we need to
// keep it around so the llvm::Functions *s stay valid for when
// we generate the dispatch module's functions...
}
llvm::Module *dispatchModule =
lCreateDispatchModule(exportedFunctions);
lAddExtractedGlobals(dispatchModule, globals);
// Find the first non-NULL target machine from the targets we
// compiled to above. We'll use this as the target machine for
// compiling the dispatch module--this is safe in that it is the
// least-common-denominator of all of the targets we compiled to.
llvm::TargetMachine *firstTargetMachine = targetMachines[0];
int i = 1;
while (i < Target::NUM_ISAS && firstTargetMachine == NULL)
firstTargetMachine = targetMachines[i++];
assert(firstTargetMachine != NULL);
if (outFileName != NULL) {
if (outputType == Bitcode)
writeBitcode(dispatchModule, outFileName);
else
writeObjectFileOrAssembly(firstTargetMachine, dispatchModule,
outputType, outFileName);
}
return errorCount > 0;
}
}

47
module.h
View File

@@ -75,11 +75,37 @@ public:
variables, and the types used by them. */
};
/** Write the corresponding output type to the given file. Returns
true on success, false if there has been an error. The given
filename may be NULL, indicating that output should go to standard
output. */
bool WriteOutput(OutputType ot, const char *filename);
/** Compile the given source file, generating assembly, object file, or
LLVM bitcode output, as well as (optionally) a header file with
declarations of functions and types used in the ispc/application
interface.
@param srcFile Pathname to ispc source file to compile
@param arch Target architecture (e.g. "x86-64")
@param cpu Target CPU (e.g. "core-i7")
@param targets Target ISAs; this parameter may give a single target
ISA, or may give a comma-separated list of them in
case we are compiling to multiple ISAs.
@param generatePIC Indicates whether position-independent code should
be generated.
@param outputType Type of output to generate (object files, assembly,
LLVM bitcode.)
@param outFileName Base name of output filename for object files, etc.
If for example the multiple targets "sse2" and "avx"
are specified in the "targets" parameter and if this
parameter is "foo.o", then we'll generate multiple
output files, like "foo.o", "foo_sse2.o", "foo_avx.o".
@param headerFileName If non-NULL, emit a header file suitable for
inclusion from C/C++ code with declarations of
types and functions exported from the given ispc
source file.
@return Number of errors encountered when compiling
srcFile.
*/
static int CompileAndOutput(const char *srcFile, const char *arch,
const char *cpu, const char *targets,
bool generatePIC, OutputType outputType,
const char *outFileName,
const char *headerFileName);
/** Total number of errors encountered during compilation. */
int errorCount;
@@ -99,10 +125,19 @@ public:
private:
const char *filename;
/** Write the corresponding output type to the given file. Returns
true on success, false if there has been an error. The given
filename may be NULL, indicating that output should go to standard
output. */
bool writeOutput(OutputType ot, const char *filename);
bool writeHeader(const char *filename);
bool writeObjectFileOrAssembly(OutputType outputType, const char *filename);
void execPreprocessor(const char *infilename, llvm::raw_string_ostream* ostream) const;
static bool writeObjectFileOrAssembly(llvm::TargetMachine *targetMachine,
llvm::Module *module, OutputType outputType,
const char *outFileName);
static bool writeBitcode(llvm::Module *module, const char *outFileName);
void execPreprocessor(const char *infilename, llvm::raw_string_ostream* ostream) const;
};
#endif // ISPC_MODULE_H

2
run_tests.py
View File

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ parser.add_option("-s", "--static-exe", dest="static_exe",
help="Create and run a regular executable for each test (rather than using the LLVM JIT).",
default=False, action="store_true")
parser.add_option('-t', '--target', dest='target',
help='Set compilation target (sse2, sse4, sse4x2, avx, avx-x2)',
help='Set compilation target (sse2, sse4, sse4-x2, avx, avx-x2)',
default="sse4")
parser.add_option('-a', '--arch', dest='arch',
help='Set architecture (x86, x86-64)',