Merge branch 'mplamann' into run_vm

Conflicts:
	public/vm/index.js

public/vm/byte-stream.js

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ ByteStream.prototype.get_u4 = function() {
 ByteStream.prototype.get_i4 = function() {
     var unsigned_val = this.get_u4();
     var sign_mult = (unsigned_val & 0x80000000) ? -1 : 1;
-    return (unsigned_val & 0x7FFFFFFF) * sign_mult;
+    return (unsigned_val & 0x7FFFFFFF) + (unsigned_val & 0x80000000);
 }
 
 ByteStream.prototype.get_bytes = function(n) {

public/vm/bytecode-parser.js

@@ -77,10 +77,11 @@ var Bc0File = function (filename) {
     for (var i = 0; i < this.string_count; i++) {
         var c = stream.get_u1();
         if (c == 0) {
-            this.string_pool.push(current_string);
+            // this.string_pool.push(current_string);
-            current_string = "";
+            // current_string = "";
+            this.string_pool.push(0);
         } else {
-            current_string += String.fromCharCode(c);
+            this.string_pool.push(String.fromCharCode(c));
         }
     }
 
@@ -98,6 +99,15 @@ var Bc0File = function (filename) {
     }
 }
 
+Bc0File.prototype.string_from_index = function (i) {
+    var result = "";
+    while (this.string_pool[i] !== 0 && i < this.string_pool.length) {
+        result += this.string_pool[i];
+        i++;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
 function parse(filename) {
     return new Bc0File(filename);
 }

public/vm/c0vm.js

@@ -16,6 +16,13 @@ function c0_memory_error(val) {
     throw ("c0 memory error: " + val);
 }
 
+function num_to_i32(num) {
+    log("num is 0x" + num.toString(16));
+    log("num & 0x7FFFFFFF is " + (num & 0x7FFFFFFF));
+    log("neg factor is " + ( (num & 0x80000000)));
+    return (num & 0x7FFFFFFF) + ((num & 0x80000000));
+}
+
 function i32_to_array(i32) {
     return [(i32 & 0xFF),
             ((i32 >> 8) & 0xFF),
@@ -78,6 +85,8 @@ ProgramState.prototype.push = function(val) {
 }
 
 ProgramState.prototype.pop = function() {
+    if (this.frame.stack === [])
+        throw "Tried to pop from an empty stack!";
     return this.frame.stack.pop();
 }
 
@@ -152,19 +161,20 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
         var y = this.pop();
         var x = this.pop();
         log("Adding " + x + " and " + y);
-        this.push((x+y) % 0x100000000);
+        this.push(num_to_i32(x+y));
         break;
     case op.ISUB:
         this.frame.pc++;
         var y = this.pop();
         var x = this.pop();
-        this.push((x-y) % 0x100000000);
+        log("Subtracting " + x + " and " + y);
+        this.push(num_to_i32(x-y));
         break;
     case op.IMUL:
         this.frame.pc++;
         var y = this.pop();
         var x = this.pop();
-        this.push((x*y) % 0x100000000);
+        this.push(num_to_i32(x*y));
         break;
     case op.IDIV:
         this.frame.pc++;
@@ -229,7 +239,9 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
     case op.VSTORE:
         this.frame.pc += 2;
         var index = this.frame.program[this.frame.pc-1];
-        this.frame.variables[index] = this.pop();
+        var val = this.pop();
+        this.frame.variables[index] = val;
+        log("Set variable " + index + " to value " + val);
         break;
     case op.ACONST_NULL:
         this.frame.pc++;
@@ -249,7 +261,7 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
         var c2 = this.frame.program[this.frame.pc-1];
         var index = (c1 * 0x1000) + c2;
 
-        this.push(this.file.string_pool[index]);
+        this.push(this.file.string_from_index(index));
         break;
 
         // Control flow
@@ -328,6 +340,8 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
             };
             console.log("Unknown native function index " + f.function_table_index);
         }
+        log("Calling native function with index " + index + " with arguments " + 
+            arg_array);
         this.push(native_function(arg_array));
         break;
 
@@ -372,7 +386,7 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
         // Read offset into a struct
         var offset = this.frame.program[this.frame.pc + 1];
         var index = this.pop();
-        this.push(this.heap[index + offset]);
+        this.push(index + offset);
         this.frame.pc += 2;
         break;
 
@@ -380,10 +394,16 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
         // Read offset into an array
         var elt_index = this.pop();
         var index = this.pop();
-        var array_length = this.heap[index];
+
-        var elt_size = this.heap[index+1];
+        if (typeof index == "string") {
-        if (elt_index >= array_length) c0_memory_error("Array index out of bounds.");
+            this.push(index.slice(elt_index));
-        this.push(this.heap[index + 2 + elt_size*elt_index]);
+        } else {
+            var array_length = this.heap[index];
+            var elt_size = this.heap[index+1];
+            if (elt_index >= array_length)
+                c0_memory_error("Array index out of bounds.");
+            this.push(index + 2 + (elt_size*elt_index));
+        }
         this.frame.pc++;
         break;
 
@@ -407,6 +427,7 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
         for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++)
             this.heap[addr + i] = array[i];
         this.frame.pc++;
+        break;
 
     case op.AMLOAD:
         var addr = this.pop();
@@ -423,7 +444,10 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
 
     case op.CMLOAD:
         var addr = this.pop();
-        this.push(this.heap[addr]);
+        if (typeof addr == "string")
+            this.push(addr);
+        else
+            this.push(this.heap[addr]);
         this.frame.pc++;
         break;
 
@@ -454,12 +478,24 @@ function execute(file, callbacks, v) {
 
     var state = new ProgramState(file, callbacks);
 
+    if (verbose) log(file);
+
     log("Beginning execution");
     
     while (true) {
         var val = state.step();
         if (val !== undefined) return val;
 
+        if (verbose) {
+            console.log("Machine state:");
+            console.log("  Current Stack Frame:");
+            console.log("    Stack: " + state.frame.stack);
+            console.log("    PC:    " + state.frame.pc);
+            console.log("    Vars:  " + state.frame.variables);
+            // console.log("    Code:  " + state.frame.program);
+            console.log("  Heap: " + state.heap);
+        }
+
         // if (at_breakpoint) {
         //   save state (maybe in a global in this file?)
         //   return;

public/vm/index.js

@@ -20,11 +20,13 @@ callbacks = {};
 callbacks[c0ffi.NATIVE_PRINT] = function(args) {
   print(args[0]);
   print("<br />");
+  return 0;
 }
 
 callbacks[c0ffi.NATIVE_PRINTINT] = function(args) {
   print(args[0]);
   print("<br />");
+  return 0;
 }
 
 console.log(callbacks);

public/vm/vm.js

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ ByteStream.prototype.get_u4 = function() {
 ByteStream.prototype.get_i4 = function() {
     var unsigned_val = this.get_u4();
     var sign_mult = (unsigned_val & 0x80000000) ? -1 : 1;
-    return (unsigned_val & 0x7FFFFFFF) * sign_mult;
+    return (unsigned_val & 0x7FFFFFFF) + (unsigned_val & 0x80000000);
 }
 
 ByteStream.prototype.get_bytes = function(n) {
@@ -118,10 +118,11 @@ var Bc0File = function (filename) {
     for (var i = 0; i < this.string_count; i++) {
         var c = stream.get_u1();
         if (c == 0) {
-            this.string_pool.push(current_string);
+            // this.string_pool.push(current_string);
-            current_string = "";
+            // current_string = "";
+            this.string_pool.push(0);
         } else {
-            current_string += String.fromCharCode(c);
+            this.string_pool.push(String.fromCharCode(c));
         }
     }
 
@@ -139,6 +140,15 @@ var Bc0File = function (filename) {
     }
 }
 
+Bc0File.prototype.string_from_index = function (i) {
+    var result = "";
+    while (this.string_pool[i] !== 0 && i < this.string_pool.length) {
+        result += this.string_pool[i];
+        i++;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
 function parse(filename) {
     return new Bc0File(filename);
 }
@@ -277,6 +287,13 @@ function c0_memory_error(val) {
     throw ("c0 memory error: " + val);
 }
 
+function num_to_i32(num) {
+    log("num is 0x" + num.toString(16));
+    log("num & 0x7FFFFFFF is " + (num & 0x7FFFFFFF));
+    log("neg factor is " + ( (num & 0x80000000)));
+    return (num & 0x7FFFFFFF) + ((num & 0x80000000));
+}
+
 function i32_to_array(i32) {
     return [(i32 & 0xFF),
             ((i32 >> 8) & 0xFF),
@@ -339,6 +356,8 @@ ProgramState.prototype.push = function(val) {
 }
 
 ProgramState.prototype.pop = function() {
+    if (this.frame.stack === [])
+        throw "Tried to pop from an empty stack!";
     return this.frame.stack.pop();
 }
 
@@ -413,19 +432,20 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
         var y = this.pop();
         var x = this.pop();
         log("Adding " + x + " and " + y);
-        this.push((x+y) % 0x100000000);
+        this.push(num_to_i32(x+y));
         break;
     case op.ISUB:
         this.frame.pc++;
         var y = this.pop();
         var x = this.pop();
-        this.push((x-y) % 0x100000000);
+        log("Subtracting " + x + " and " + y);
+        this.push(num_to_i32(x-y));
         break;
     case op.IMUL:
         this.frame.pc++;
         var y = this.pop();
         var x = this.pop();
-        this.push((x*y) % 0x100000000);
+        this.push(num_to_i32(x*y));
         break;
     case op.IDIV:
         this.frame.pc++;
@@ -490,7 +510,9 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
     case op.VSTORE:
         this.frame.pc += 2;
         var index = this.frame.program[this.frame.pc-1];
-        this.frame.variables[index] = this.pop();
+        var val = this.pop();
+        this.frame.variables[index] = val;
+        log("Set variable " + index + " to value " + val);
         break;
     case op.ACONST_NULL:
         this.frame.pc++;
@@ -510,7 +532,7 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
         var c2 = this.frame.program[this.frame.pc-1];
         var index = (c1 * 0x1000) + c2;
 
-        this.push(this.file.string_pool[index]);
+        this.push(this.file.string_from_index(index));
         break;
 
         // Control flow
@@ -589,6 +611,8 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
             };
             console.log("Unknown native function index " + f.function_table_index);
         }
+        log("Calling native function with index " + index + " with arguments " + 
+            arg_array);
         this.push(native_function(arg_array));
         break;
 
@@ -633,7 +657,7 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
         // Read offset into a struct
         var offset = this.frame.program[this.frame.pc + 1];
         var index = this.pop();
-        this.push(this.heap[index + offset]);
+        this.push(index + offset);
         this.frame.pc += 2;
         break;
 
@@ -641,10 +665,16 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
         // Read offset into an array
         var elt_index = this.pop();
         var index = this.pop();
-        var array_length = this.heap[index];
+
-        var elt_size = this.heap[index+1];
+        if (typeof index == "string") {
-        if (elt_index >= array_length) c0_memory_error("Array index out of bounds.");
+            this.push(index.slice(elt_index));
-        this.push(this.heap[index + 2 + elt_size*elt_index]);
+        } else {
+            var array_length = this.heap[index];
+            var elt_size = this.heap[index+1];
+            if (elt_index >= array_length)
+                c0_memory_error("Array index out of bounds.");
+            this.push(index + 2 + (elt_size*elt_index));
+        }
         this.frame.pc++;
         break;
 
@@ -668,6 +698,7 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
         for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++)
             this.heap[addr + i] = array[i];
         this.frame.pc++;
+        break;
 
     case op.AMLOAD:
         var addr = this.pop();
@@ -684,7 +715,10 @@ ProgramState.prototype.step = function() {
 
     case op.CMLOAD:
         var addr = this.pop();
-        this.push(this.heap[addr]);
+        if (typeof addr == "string")
+            this.push(addr);
+        else
+            this.push(this.heap[addr]);
         this.frame.pc++;
         break;
 
@@ -715,12 +749,24 @@ function execute(file, callbacks, v) {
 
     var state = new ProgramState(file, callbacks);
 
+    if (verbose) log(file);
+
     log("Beginning execution");
     
     while (true) {
         var val = state.step();
         if (val !== undefined) return val;
 
+        if (verbose) {
+            console.log("Machine state:");
+            console.log("  Current Stack Frame:");
+            console.log("    Stack: " + state.frame.stack);
+            console.log("    PC:    " + state.frame.pc);
+            console.log("    Vars:  " + state.frame.variables);
+            // console.log("    Code:  " + state.frame.program);
+            console.log("  Heap: " + state.heap);
+        }
+
         // if (at_breakpoint) {
         //   save state (maybe in a global in this file?)
         //   return;
@@ -753,11 +799,13 @@ callbacks = {};
 callbacks[c0ffi.NATIVE_PRINT] = function(args) {
   print(args[0]);
   print("<br />");
+  return 0;
 }
 
 callbacks[c0ffi.NATIVE_PRINTINT] = function(args) {
   print(args[0]);
   print("<br />");
+  return 0;
 }
 
 console.log(callbacks);

test/abort.c0

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#use <conio>
+
+int main () {
+  error("assertion failure");
+  return 0;
+}

test/abort.c0.bc0

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+C0 C0 FF EE       # magic number
+00 09             # version 4, arch = 1 (64 bits)
+
+00 00             # int pool count
+# int pool
+
+00 12             # string pool total size
+# string pool
+61 73 73 65 72 74 69 6F 6E 20 66 61 69 6C 75 72 65 00  # "assertion failure"
+
+00 01             # function count
+# function_pool
+
+#<main>
+00 00             # number of arguments = 0
+00 00             # number of local variables = 0
+00 07             # code length = 7 bytes
+14 00 00 # aldc 0          # s[0] = "assertion failure"
+BF       # athrow          # error "assertion failure"
+10 00    # bipush 0        # 0
+B0       # return          # 
+
+00 00             # native count
+# native pool
+

test/arith.c0

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+#use <conio>
+
+int main()
+{
+	int max; int min; 
+	int x; int y; int z;
+	int constant;
+	
+	//Testing overflow
+	max = 2147483647;
+	min = -2147483648;
+	y = max + 1;
+	printint(y);
+	print("   ");
+	y = min - 1;
+	printint(y);
+	print("   ");
+//	printint(min / -1);
+	
+	//Testing multiplication of negatives
+	
+	x = -25;
+	y = 15;
+	printint(x * y);
+	print("   "); 
+	printint(-15 * -2147483648);	
+	print("   ");
+	
+	//Divide by 0
+//	println("");
+//	printint(x / 0);
+
+	//Modulus by 0
+//	println("");
+//	printint(x % 0);
+
+	//Testing addition
+	x = -5;
+	y = -4;
+	printint(x + y);
+	z = x - y;
+	print("   ");
+	printint(z);
+	print("   ");
+
+
+	//Division truncation
+	x = 25;
+	y = 2;
+	z = x / y;
+	printint(z);
+	print("   ");
+
+	println("");
+	x = -25;
+	y = 2;
+	z = x / y;
+	printint(z);
+	print("   ");
+	x = -25;
+	y = -2;
+	z = x / y;
+	printint(z);
+	print("   ");	
+	
+	//Modulus testing 
+	print("Modulus testing   ");
+	printint(235%32);
+	printint(-15%2);
+	print("   ");
+	printint(5%6);
+	print("   ");
+	printint(5%-2);
+	print("   ");
+	
+	//Testing constants
+	print("Testing constants   ");
+	constant = -251;
+	printint(constant);
+	print("   ");
+	
+	//Testing inequalities
+	println("Testing inequalities   ");
+	if(5>4) print("y1  "); else print("n1  ");
+	if(1>-1) print("y2  "); else print("n2  ");
+	if(0>=0) print("y3  "); else print("n3  ");
+	if(12945<-235) print("y4  "); else print("n4  ");
+	if(5<5) print("y5  "); else print("n5  ");
+	if(-5==5) print("y6  "); else print("n6  ");
+	if(15!=-15) print("y7  "); else print("n7  ");
+	
+	//Testing bitwise operators
+	println("Testing bitwise operators   ");
+	printint(0xF232C & 0xFF2352);
+	print("   ");
+	printint(0xF232C | 0xFF232);
+	print("   ");
+	printint(0xCD25 ^ 0x1D27);
+	print("   ");
+	printint(~0x2F32);
+	print("   ");
+	
+	//Testing bit shifting
+	println("Testing bit shifting");
+	printint(1<<31);
+	print("   ");
+	printint(23<<5);
+	print("   ");
+	printint(1>>5<<7);
+	print("   ");
+	printint(2352352>>2);
+	print("   ");
+	
+	//Default value for integers
+//	println("Testing default value for integers");
+//	printint(default_int);
+//	print("   ");
+
+	//Testing other arithmetic functions
+	printint(-6-25);
+	print("   ");
+	printint(6-25);
+	print("   ");
+
+	
+	
+	println("");
+	return 0;
+}

test/arith.c0.bc0

@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+C0 C0 FF EE       # magic number
+00 09             # version 4, arch = 1 (64 bits)
+
+00 0F             # int pool count
+# int pool
+7F FF FF FF
+80 00 00 00
+80 00 00 00
+00 00 00 EB
+FF FF FF 05
+00 00 32 91
+FF FF FF 15
+00 0F 23 2C
+00 FF 23 52
+00 0F 23 2C
+00 0F F2 32
+00 00 CD 25
+00 00 1D 27
+00 00 2F 32
+00 23 E4 E0
+
+01 16             # string pool total size
+# string pool
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+00  # ""
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+4D 6F 64 75 6C 75 73 20 74 65 73 74 69 6E 67 20 20 20 00  # "Modulus testing   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+54 65 73 74 69 6E 67 20 63 6F 6E 73 74 61 6E 74 73 20 20 20 00  # "Testing constants   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+54 65 73 74 69 6E 67 20 69 6E 65 71 75 61 6C 69 74 69 65 73 20 20 20 00  # "Testing inequalities   "
+79 31 20 20 00  # "y1  "
+6E 31 20 20 00  # "n1  "
+79 32 20 20 00  # "y2  "
+6E 32 20 20 00  # "n2  "
+79 33 20 20 00  # "y3  "
+6E 33 20 20 00  # "n3  "
+79 34 20 20 00  # "y4  "
+6E 34 20 20 00  # "n4  "
+79 35 20 20 00  # "y5  "
+6E 35 20 20 00  # "n5  "
+79 36 20 20 00  # "y6  "
+6E 36 20 20 00  # "n6  "
+79 37 20 20 00  # "y7  "
+6E 37 20 20 00  # "n7  "
+54 65 73 74 69 6E 67 20 62 69 74 77 69 73 65 20 6F 70 65 72 61 74 6F 72 73 20 20 20 00  # "Testing bitwise operators   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+54 65 73 74 69 6E 67 20 62 69 74 20 73 68 69 66 74 69 6E 67 00  # "Testing bit shifting"
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+20 20 20 00  # "   "
+00  # ""
+
+00 01             # function count
+# function_pool
+
+#<main>
+00 00             # number of arguments = 0
+00 06             # number of local variables = 6
+02 C5             # code length = 709 bytes
+13 00 00 # ildc 0          # c[0] = 2147483647
+36 00    # vstore 0        # max = 2147483647;
+13 00 01 # ildc 1          # c[1] = -2147483648
+36 01    # vstore 1        # min = -(-2147483648);
+15 00    # vload 0         # max
+10 01    # bipush 1        # 1
+60       # iadd            # (max + 1)
+36 03    # vstore 3        # y = (max + 1);
+15 03    # vload 3         # y
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint(y)
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 00 # aldc 0          # s[0] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+15 01    # vload 1         # min
+10 01    # bipush 1        # 1
+64       # isub            # (min - 1)
+36 03    # vstore 3        # y = (min - 1);
+15 03    # vload 3         # y
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint(y)
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 04 # aldc 4          # s[4] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 E7    # bipush -25      # -25
+36 02    # vstore 2        # x = -(25);
+10 0F    # bipush 15       # 15
+36 03    # vstore 3        # y = 15;
+15 02    # vload 2         # x
+15 03    # vload 3         # y
+68       # imul            # (x * y)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((x * y))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 08 # aldc 8          # s[8] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 F1    # bipush -15      # -15
+13 00 02 # ildc 2          # c[2] = -2147483648
+68       # imul            # (-(15) * -(-2147483648))
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((-(15) * -(-2147483648)))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 0C # aldc 12         # s[12] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 FB    # bipush -5       # -5
+36 02    # vstore 2        # x = -(5);
+10 FC    # bipush -4       # -4
+36 03    # vstore 3        # y = -(4);
+15 02    # vload 2         # x
+15 03    # vload 3         # y
+60       # iadd            # (x + y)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((x + y))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+15 02    # vload 2         # x
+15 03    # vload 3         # y
+64       # isub            # (x - y)
+36 04    # vstore 4        # z = (x - y);
+14 00 10 # aldc 16         # s[16] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+15 04    # vload 4         # z
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint(z)
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 14 # aldc 20         # s[20] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 19    # bipush 25       # 25
+36 02    # vstore 2        # x = 25;
+10 02    # bipush 2        # 2
+36 03    # vstore 3        # y = 2;
+15 02    # vload 2         # x
+15 03    # vload 3         # y
+6C       # idiv            # (x / y)
+36 04    # vstore 4        # z = (x / y);
+15 04    # vload 4         # z
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint(z)
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 18 # aldc 24         # s[24] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 1C # aldc 28         # s[28] = ""
+B7 00 02 # invokenative 2  # println("")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 E7    # bipush -25      # -25
+36 02    # vstore 2        # x = -(25);
+10 02    # bipush 2        # 2
+36 03    # vstore 3        # y = 2;
+15 02    # vload 2         # x
+15 03    # vload 3         # y
+6C       # idiv            # (x / y)
+36 04    # vstore 4        # z = (x / y);
+15 04    # vload 4         # z
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint(z)
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 1D # aldc 29         # s[29] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 E7    # bipush -25      # -25
+36 02    # vstore 2        # x = -(25);
+10 FE    # bipush -2       # -2
+36 03    # vstore 3        # y = -(2);
+15 02    # vload 2         # x
+15 03    # vload 3         # y
+6C       # idiv            # (x / y)
+36 04    # vstore 4        # z = (x / y);
+15 04    # vload 4         # z
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint(z)
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 21 # aldc 33         # s[33] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 25 # aldc 37         # s[37] = "Modulus testing   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("Modulus testing   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+13 00 03 # ildc 3          # c[3] = 235
+10 20    # bipush 32       # 32
+70       # irem            # (235 % 32)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((235 % 32))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 F1    # bipush -15      # -15
+10 02    # bipush 2        # 2
+70       # irem            # (-(15) % 2)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((-(15) % 2))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 38 # aldc 56         # s[56] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 05    # bipush 5        # 5
+10 06    # bipush 6        # 6
+70       # irem            # (5 % 6)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((5 % 6))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 3C # aldc 60         # s[60] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 05    # bipush 5        # 5
+10 FE    # bipush -2       # -2
+70       # irem            # (5 % -(2))
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((5 % -(2)))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 40 # aldc 64         # s[64] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 44 # aldc 68         # s[68] = "Testing constants   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("Testing constants   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+13 00 04 # ildc 4          # c[4] = -251
+36 05    # vstore 5        # constant = -(251);
+15 05    # vload 5         # constant
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint(constant)
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 59 # aldc 89         # s[89] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 5D # aldc 93         # s[93] = "Testing inequalities   "
+B7 00 02 # invokenative 2  # println("Testing inequalities   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 05    # bipush 5        # 5
+10 04    # bipush 4        # 4
+A3 00 06 # if_icmpgt +6    # if (5 > 4) goto <00:then>
+A7 00 0D # goto +13        # goto <01:else>
+# <00:then>
+14 00 75 # aldc 117        # s[117] = "y1  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("y1  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+A7 00 0A # goto +10        # goto <02:endif>
+# <01:else>
+14 00 7A # aldc 122        # s[122] = "n1  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("n1  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+# <02:endif>
+10 01    # bipush 1        # 1
+10 FF    # bipush -1       # -1
+A3 00 06 # if_icmpgt +6    # if (1 > -(1)) goto <03:then>
+A7 00 0D # goto +13        # goto <04:else>
+# <03:then>
+14 00 7F # aldc 127        # s[127] = "y2  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("y2  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+A7 00 0A # goto +10        # goto <05:endif>
+# <04:else>
+14 00 84 # aldc 132        # s[132] = "n2  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("n2  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+# <05:endif>
+10 00    # bipush 0        # 0
+10 00    # bipush 0        # 0
+A2 00 06 # if_icmpge +6    # if (0 >= 0) goto <06:then>
+A7 00 0D # goto +13        # goto <07:else>
+# <06:then>
+14 00 89 # aldc 137        # s[137] = "y3  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("y3  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+A7 00 0A # goto +10        # goto <08:endif>
+# <07:else>
+14 00 8E # aldc 142        # s[142] = "n3  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("n3  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+# <08:endif>
+13 00 05 # ildc 5          # c[5] = 12945
+13 00 06 # ildc 6          # c[6] = -235
+A1 00 06 # if_icmplt +6    # if (12945 < -(235)) goto <09:then>
+A7 00 0D # goto +13        # goto <10:else>
+# <09:then>
+14 00 93 # aldc 147        # s[147] = "y4  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("y4  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+A7 00 0A # goto +10        # goto <11:endif>
+# <10:else>
+14 00 98 # aldc 152        # s[152] = "n4  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("n4  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+# <11:endif>
+10 05    # bipush 5        # 5
+10 05    # bipush 5        # 5
+A1 00 06 # if_icmplt +6    # if (5 < 5) goto <12:then>
+A7 00 0D # goto +13        # goto <13:else>
+# <12:then>
+14 00 9D # aldc 157        # s[157] = "y5  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("y5  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+A7 00 0A # goto +10        # goto <14:endif>
+# <13:else>
+14 00 A2 # aldc 162        # s[162] = "n5  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("n5  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+# <14:endif>
+10 FB    # bipush -5       # -5
+10 05    # bipush 5        # 5
+9F 00 06 # if_cmpeq +6     # if (-(5) == 5) goto <15:then>
+A7 00 0D # goto +13        # goto <16:else>
+# <15:then>
+14 00 A7 # aldc 167        # s[167] = "y6  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("y6  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+A7 00 0A # goto +10        # goto <17:endif>
+# <16:else>
+14 00 AC # aldc 172        # s[172] = "n6  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("n6  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+# <17:endif>
+10 0F    # bipush 15       # 15
+10 F1    # bipush -15      # -15
+A0 00 06 # if_cmpne +6     # if (15 != -(15)) goto <18:then>
+A7 00 0D # goto +13        # goto <19:else>
+# <18:then>
+14 00 B1 # aldc 177        # s[177] = "y7  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("y7  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+A7 00 0A # goto +10        # goto <20:endif>
+# <19:else>
+14 00 B6 # aldc 182        # s[182] = "n7  "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("n7  ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+# <20:endif>
+14 00 BB # aldc 187        # s[187] = "Testing bitwise operators   "
+B7 00 02 # invokenative 2  # println("Testing bitwise operators   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+13 00 07 # ildc 7          # c[7] = 992044
+13 00 08 # ildc 8          # c[8] = 16720722
+7E       # iand            # (992044 & 16720722)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((992044 & 16720722))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 D8 # aldc 216        # s[216] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+13 00 09 # ildc 9          # c[9] = 992044
+13 00 0A # ildc 10         # c[10] = 1045042
+80       # ior             # (992044 | 1045042)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((992044 | 1045042))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 DC # aldc 220        # s[220] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+13 00 0B # ildc 11         # c[11] = 52517
+13 00 0C # ildc 12         # c[12] = 7463
+82       # ixor            # (52517 ^ 7463)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((52517 ^ 7463))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 E0 # aldc 224        # s[224] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+13 00 0D # ildc 13         # c[13] = 12082
+10 FF    # bipush -1       # 
+82       # ixor            # ~(12082)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint(~(12082))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 E4 # aldc 228        # s[228] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 E8 # aldc 232        # s[232] = "Testing bit shifting"
+B7 00 02 # invokenative 2  # println("Testing bit shifting")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 01    # bipush 1        # 1
+10 1F    # bipush 31       # 31
+78       # ishl            # (1 << 31)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((1 << 31))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 00 FD # aldc 253        # s[253] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 17    # bipush 23       # 23
+10 05    # bipush 5        # 5
+78       # ishl            # (23 << 5)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((23 << 5))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 01 01 # aldc 257        # s[257] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 01    # bipush 1        # 1
+10 05    # bipush 5        # 5
+7A       # ishr            # (1 >> 5)
+10 07    # bipush 7        # 7
+78       # ishl            # ((1 >> 5) << 7)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint(((1 >> 5) << 7))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 01 05 # aldc 261        # s[261] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+13 00 0E # ildc 14         # c[14] = 2352352
+10 02    # bipush 2        # 2
+7A       # ishr            # (2352352 >> 2)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((2352352 >> 2))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 01 09 # aldc 265        # s[265] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 FA    # bipush -6       # -6
+10 19    # bipush 25       # 25
+64       # isub            # (-(6) - 25)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((-(6) - 25))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 01 0D # aldc 269        # s[269] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 06    # bipush 6        # 6
+10 19    # bipush 25       # 25
+64       # isub            # (6 - 25)
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint((6 - 25))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 01 11 # aldc 273        # s[273] = "   "
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # print("   ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+14 01 15 # aldc 277        # s[277] = ""
+B7 00 02 # invokenative 2  # println("")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 00    # bipush 0        # 0
+B0       # return          # 
+
+00 03             # native count
+# native pool
+00 01 00 13       # printint
+00 01 00 10       # print
+00 01 00 14       # println
+

test/arith.c0.bc0out

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+-2147483648   2147483647   -375   -2147483648   -9   -1   12   
+-12   12   Modulus testing   11-1   5   1   Testing constants   -251   Testing inequalities   
+y1  y2  y3  n4  n5  n6  y7  Testing bitwise operators   
+992000   1045310   53250   -12083   Testing bit shifting
+-2147483648   736   0   588088   -31   -19   
+0

test/arith.c0.c0out

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+-2147483648   2147483647   -375   -2147483648   -9   -1   12   
+-12   12   Modulus testing   11-1   5   1   Testing constants   -251   Testing inequalities   
+y1  y2  y3  n4  n5  n6  y7  Testing bitwise operators   
+992000   1045310   53250   -12083   Testing bit shifting
+-2147483648   736   0   588088   -31   -19   
+0

test/arrays.c0.bc0

@@ -48,5 +48,5 @@ B0       # return          #
 
 00 01             # native count
 # native pool
-00 01 00 09       # printint
+00 01 00 10       # printint
 

test/chararrays.c0

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#use <conio>
+
+int main() {
+    char[] A = alloc_array(char, 5);
+    printchar(A[3]);
+    return 0;
+}

test/easyMath.c0

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+int main() {
+	return (23 * 19)<<2;
+}

test/easyMath.c0.bc0

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+C0 C0 FF EE       # magic number
+00 09             # version 4, arch = 1 (64 bits)
+
+00 00             # int pool count
+# int pool
+
+00 00             # string pool total size
+# string pool
+
+00 01             # function count
+# function_pool
+
+#<main>
+00 00             # number of arguments = 0
+00 00             # number of local variables = 0
+00 09             # code length = 9 bytes
+10 17    # bipush 23       # 23
+10 13    # bipush 19       # 19
+68       # imul            # (23 * 19)
+10 02    # bipush 2        # 2
+78       # ishl            # ((23 * 19) << 2)
+B0       # return          # 
+
+00 00             # native count
+# native pool
+

test/easyMath.c0.bc0out

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1748

test/easyMath.c0.c0out

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1748

test/hellosir.c0

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#use <conio>
+#use <string>
+
+int main () {
+  print("What's your name? ");
+  string name = readline();
+  print(string_join("Hello, ", string_join(name, "!\n")));
+  return 0;
+}

test/hellosir.c0.bc0

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+C0 C0 FF EE       # magic number
+00 09             # version 4, arch = 1 (64 bits)
+
+00 00             # int pool count
+# int pool
+
+00 1E             # string pool total size
+# string pool
+57 68 61 74 27 73 20 79 6F 75 72 20 6E 61 6D 65 3F 20 00  # "What\'s your name\? "
+48 65 6C 6C 6F 2C 20 00  # "Hello, "
+21 0A 00  # "!\n"
+
+00 01             # function count
+# function_pool
+
+#<main>
+00 00             # number of arguments = 0
+00 01             # number of local variables = 1
+00 21             # code length = 33 bytes
+14 00 00 # aldc 0          # s[0] = "What\'s your name\? "
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # print("What\'s your name\? ")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # readline()
+36 00    # vstore 0        # name = readline();
+14 00 13 # aldc 19         # s[19] = "Hello, "
+15 00    # vload 0         # name
+14 00 1B # aldc 27         # s[27] = "!\n"
+B7 00 02 # invokenative 2  # string_join(name, "!\n")
+B7 00 02 # invokenative 2  # string_join("Hello, ", string_join(name, "!\n"))
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # print(string_join("Hello, ", string_join(name, "!\n")))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 00    # bipush 0        # 0
+B0       # return          # 
+
+00 03             # native count
+# native pool
+00 01 00 06       # print
+00 00 00 0B       # readline
+00 02 00 4F       # string_join
+

test/hellosir.c0.bc0out

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+What's your name? Hello, uo!
+0

test/hellosir.c0.c0out

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+What's your name? Hello, hi!
+0

test/iadd.c0.bc0out

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+-2

test/iadd.c0.c0out

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+-2

test/moreArrays.c0

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#use <conio>
+
+int main() {
+    int[] A = alloc_array(int, 50);
+    A[3] = 23;
+    A[2] = 12;
+    printint(A[3]);
+    printint(A[2]);
+    return 0;
+}

test/moreArrays.c0.bc0

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+C0 C0 FF EE       # magic number
+00 09             # version 4, arch = 1 (64 bits)
+
+00 00             # int pool count
+# int pool
+
+00 00             # string pool total size
+# string pool
+
+00 01             # function count
+# function_pool
+
+#<main>
+00 00             # number of arguments = 0
+00 01             # number of local variables = 1
+00 2D             # code length = 45 bytes
+10 32    # bipush 50       # 50
+BC 04    # newarray 4      # alloc_array(int, 50)
+36 00    # vstore 0        # A = alloc_array(int, 50);
+15 00    # vload 0         # A
+10 03    # bipush 3        # 3
+63       # aadds           # &A[3]
+10 17    # bipush 23       # 23
+4E       # imstore         # A[3] = 23;
+15 00    # vload 0         # A
+10 02    # bipush 2        # 2
+63       # aadds           # &A[2]
+10 0C    # bipush 12       # 12
+4E       # imstore         # A[2] = 12;
+15 00    # vload 0         # A
+10 03    # bipush 3        # 3
+63       # aadds           # &A[3]
+2E       # imload          # A[3]
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint(A[3])
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+15 00    # vload 0         # A
+10 02    # bipush 2        # 2
+63       # aadds           # &A[2]
+2E       # imload          # A[2]
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # printint(A[2])
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 00    # bipush 0        # 0
+B0       # return          # 
+
+00 01             # native count
+# native pool
+00 01 00 13       # printint
+

test/moreArrays.c0.bc0out

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+23120

test/moreArrays.c0.c0out

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+23120

test/piazza1.c0

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+struct s 
+{ 
+ 
+ int x; 
+ int y; 
+ int[] a; 
+ 
+}; 
+ 
+int main() 
+{ 
+ struct s* example=alloc(struct s); 
+ example->y=5; 
+ example->x=6; 
+ int x = example->x + 1; 
+ example->a=alloc_array(int,4); 
+ example->a[0] = 5; 
+ int y = example->a[0]; 
+ example->a[0]=3; 
+ //@assert(\length(example->a)==4); 
+ return example->x + x +y; 
+}

test/piazza1.c0.bc0

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+C0 C0 FF EE       # magic number
+00 09             # version 4, arch = 1 (64 bits)
+
+00 00             # int pool count
+# int pool
+
+00 00             # string pool total size
+# string pool
+
+00 01             # function count
+# function_pool
+
+#<main>
+00 00             # number of arguments = 0
+00 03             # number of local variables = 3
+00 52             # code length = 82 bytes
+BB 10    # new 16          # alloc(struct s)
+36 00    # vstore 0        # example = alloc(struct s);
+15 00    # vload 0         # example
+62 04    # aaddf 4         # &example->y
+10 05    # bipush 5        # 5
+4E       # imstore         # example->y = 5;
+15 00    # vload 0         # example
+62 00    # aaddf 0         # &example->x
+10 06    # bipush 6        # 6
+4E       # imstore         # example->x = 6;
+15 00    # vload 0         # example
+62 00    # aaddf 0         # &example->x
+2E       # imload          # example->x
+10 01    # bipush 1        # 1
+60       # iadd            # (example->x + 1)
+36 01    # vstore 1        # x = (example->x + 1);
+15 00    # vload 0         # example
+62 08    # aaddf 8         # &example->a
+10 04    # bipush 4        # 4
+BC 04    # newarray 4      # alloc_array(int, 4)
+4F       # amstore         # example->a = alloc_array(int, 4);
+15 00    # vload 0         # example
+62 08    # aaddf 8         # &example->a
+2F       # amload          # example->a
+10 00    # bipush 0        # 0
+63       # aadds           # &example->a[0]
+10 05    # bipush 5        # 5
+4E       # imstore         # example->a[0] = 5;
+15 00    # vload 0         # example
+62 08    # aaddf 8         # &example->a
+2F       # amload          # example->a
+10 00    # bipush 0        # 0
+63       # aadds           # &example->a[0]
+2E       # imload          # example->a[0]
+36 02    # vstore 2        # y = example->a[0];
+15 00    # vload 0         # example
+62 08    # aaddf 8         # &example->a
+2F       # amload          # example->a
+10 00    # bipush 0        # 0
+63       # aadds           # &example->a[0]
+10 03    # bipush 3        # 3
+4E       # imstore         # example->a[0] = 3;
+15 00    # vload 0         # example
+62 00    # aaddf 0         # &example->x
+2E       # imload          # example->x
+15 01    # vload 1         # x
+60       # iadd            # (example->x + x)
+15 02    # vload 2         # y
+60       # iadd            # ((example->x + x) + y)
+B0       # return          # 
+
+00 00             # native count
+# native pool
+

test/piazza1.c0.bc0out

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+18

test/piazza1.c0.c0out

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+18

test/strings.c0

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#use <conio>
+#use <string>
+
+char char_tolower(char c) {
+  int ccode = char_ord(c);
+  if (char_ord('A') <= ccode && ccode <= char_ord('Z')) {
+    int shift = char_ord('a') - char_ord('A');
+    return char_chr(ccode + shift);
+  } else {
+    return c;
+  }
+}
+
+string string_lower(string s)
+//@ensures string_length(s) == string_length(\result);
+{
+  int len = string_length(s);
+  char[] A = string_to_chararray(s);
+  char[] B = alloc_array(char, len+1);
+  for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+    B[i] = char_tolower(A[i]);
+  B[len] = '\0';  /* redundant */
+  return string_from_chararray(B);
+}
+
+int main() {
+  print (string_lower("HEllo There!?"));
+  return 0;
+}

test/strings.c0.bc0

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+C0 C0 FF EE       # magic number
+00 09             # version 4, arch = 1 (64 bits)
+
+00 00             # int pool count
+# int pool
+
+00 0E             # string pool total size
+# string pool
+48 45 6C 6C 6F 20 54 68 65 72 65 21 3F 00  # "HEllo There!\?"
+
+00 03             # function count
+# function_pool
+
+#<main>
+00 00             # number of arguments = 0
+00 05             # number of local variables = 5
+00 0D             # code length = 13 bytes
+14 00 00 # aldc 0          # s[0] = "HEllo There!\?"
+B8 00 02 # invokestatic 2  # string_lower("HEllo There!\?")
+B7 00 05 # invokenative 5  # print(string_lower("HEllo There!\?"))
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 00    # bipush 0        # 0
+B0       # return          # 
+
+
+#<char_tolower>
+00 01             # number of arguments = 1
+00 03             # number of local variables = 3
+00 3D             # code length = 61 bytes
+15 00    # vload 0         # c
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # char_ord(c)
+36 01    # vstore 1        # ccode = char_ord(c);
+10 41    # bipush 65       # 'A'
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # char_ord('A')
+15 01    # vload 1         # ccode
+A4 00 06 # if_icmple +6    # if (char_ord('A') <= ccode) goto <03:and>
+A7 00 29 # goto +41        # goto <01:else>
+# <03:and>
+15 01    # vload 1         # ccode
+10 5A    # bipush 90       # 'Z'
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # char_ord('Z')
+A4 00 06 # if_icmple +6    # if (ccode <= char_ord('Z')) goto <00:then>
+A7 00 1C # goto +28        # goto <01:else>
+# <00:then>
+10 61    # bipush 97       # 'a'
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # char_ord('a')
+10 41    # bipush 65       # 'A'
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # char_ord('A')
+64       # isub            # (char_ord('a') - char_ord('A'))
+36 02    # vstore 2        # shift = (char_ord('a') - char_ord('A'));
+15 01    # vload 1         # ccode
+15 02    # vload 2         # shift
+60       # iadd            # (ccode + shift)
+B7 00 01 # invokenative 1  # char_chr((ccode + shift))
+B0       # return          # 
+A7 00 06 # goto +6         # goto <02:endif>
+# <01:else>
+15 00    # vload 0         # c
+B0       # return          # 
+# <02:endif>
+
+
+#<string_lower>
+00 01             # number of arguments = 1
+00 05             # number of local variables = 5
+00 4C             # code length = 76 bytes
+15 00    # vload 0         # s
+B7 00 02 # invokenative 2  # string_length(s)
+36 01    # vstore 1        # len = string_length(s);
+15 00    # vload 0         # s
+B7 00 03 # invokenative 3  # string_to_chararray(s)
+36 02    # vstore 2        # A = string_to_chararray(s);
+15 01    # vload 1         # len
+10 01    # bipush 1        # 1
+60       # iadd            # (len + 1)
+BC 01    # newarray 1      # alloc_array(char, (len + 1))
+36 03    # vstore 3        # B = alloc_array(char, (len + 1));
+10 00    # bipush 0        # 0
+36 04    # vstore 4        # i = 0;
+# <04:loop>
+15 04    # vload 4         # i
+15 01    # vload 1         # len
+A1 00 06 # if_icmplt +6    # if (i < len) goto <05:body>
+A7 00 1C # goto +28        # goto <06:exit>
+# <05:body>
+15 03    # vload 3         # B
+15 04    # vload 4         # i
+63       # aadds           # &B[i]
+15 02    # vload 2         # A
+15 04    # vload 4         # i
+63       # aadds           # &A[i]
+34       # cmload          # A[i]
+B8 00 01 # invokestatic 1  # char_tolower(A[i])
+55       # cmstore         # B[i] = char_tolower(A[i]);
+15 04    # vload 4         # i
+10 01    # bipush 1        # 1
+60       # iadd            # 
+36 04    # vstore 4        # i += 1;
+A7 FF E0 # goto -32        # goto <04:loop>
+# <06:exit>
+15 03    # vload 3         # B
+15 01    # vload 1         # len
+63       # aadds           # &B[len]
+10 00    # bipush 0        # '\000'
+55       # cmstore         # B[len] = '\0';
+15 03    # vload 3         # B
+B7 00 04 # invokenative 4  # string_from_chararray(B)
+B0       # return          # 
+
+00 06             # native count
+# native pool
+00 01 00 51       # char_ord
+00 01 00 50       # char_chr
+00 01 00 5A       # string_length
+00 01 00 5D       # string_to_chararray
+00 01 00 55       # string_from_chararray
+00 01 00 10       # print
+

test/strings.c0.bc0out

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+hello there!?0

test/strings.c0.c0out

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+hello there!?0

test/swapTest.c0.bc0

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+C0 C0 FF EE       # magic number
+00 09             # version 4, arch = 1 (64 bits)
+
+00 00             # int pool count
+# int pool
+
+00 00             # string pool total size
+# string pool
+
+00 01             # function count
+# function_pool
+
+#<main>
+00 00             # number of arguments = 0
+00 00             # number of local variables = 0
+00 07             # code length = 6 bytes
+10 FF    # bipush -1       # -1
+10 23
+5F
+57
+B0       # return          # 
+
+00 00             # native count
+# native pool
+

test/testError.c0

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#use <conio>
+
+int main() {
+  assert(2==2);
+  print("yolomode");
+  return 1;
+}

test/testError.c0.bc0

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+C0 C0 FF EE       # magic number
+00 09             # version 4, arch = 1 (64 bits)
+
+00 00             # int pool count
+# int pool
+
+00 2E             # string pool total size
+# string pool
+74 65 73 74 45 72 72 6F 72 2E 63 30 3A 34 2E 33 2D 34 2E 31 36 3A 20 61 73 73 65 72 74 20 66 61 69 6C 65 64 00  # "testError.c0:4.3-4.16: assert failed"
+79 6F 6C 6F 6D 6F 64 65 00  # "yolomode"
+
+00 01             # function count
+# function_pool
+
+#<main>
+00 00             # number of arguments = 0
+00 00             # number of local variables = 0
+00 1F             # code length = 31 bytes
+10 02    # bipush 2        # 2
+10 02    # bipush 2        # 2
+9F 00 06 # if_cmpeq +6     # if (2 == 2) goto <00:cond_true>
+A7 00 08 # goto +8         # goto <01:cond_false>
+# <00:cond_true>
+10 01    # bipush 1        # true
+A7 00 05 # goto +5         # goto <02:cond_end>
+# <01:cond_false>
+10 00    # bipush 0        # false
+# <02:cond_end>
+14 00 00 # aldc 0          # s[0] = "testError.c0:4.3-4.16: assert failed"
+CF       # assert          # assert(2 == 2) [failure message on stack]
+14 00 25 # aldc 37         # s[37] = "yolomode"
+B7 00 00 # invokenative 0  # print("yolomode")
+57       # pop             # (ignore result)
+10 01    # bipush 1        # 1
+B0       # return          # 
+
+00 01             # native count
+# native pool
+00 01 00 06       # print
+

test/testError.c0.bc0out

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+yolomode1

test/testError.c0.c0out

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+yolomode1

test/tests.js

@@ -7,14 +7,41 @@ var printout = "";
 
 callbacks[c0ffi.NATIVE_PRINT] = function(args) {
     printout += args[0];
+    return 0;
 }
 
 callbacks[c0ffi.NATIVE_PRINTINT] = function(args) {
     printout += args[0];
+    return 0;
 }
 
 callbacks[c0ffi.NATIVE_PRINTLN] = function(args) {
     printout += (args[0] + "\n");
+    return 0;
+}
+
+callbacks[c0ffi.NATIVE_STRING_LENGTH] = function(args) {
+    return args[0].length;
+}
+
+callbacks[c0ffi.NATIVE_STRING_TO_CHARARRAY] = function(args) {
+    return args[0];
+}
+
+callbacks[c0ffi.NATIVE_STRING_FROM_CHARARRAY] = function(args) {
+    console.log("string_from_chararray: " + args);
+    return args[0];
+}
+
+callbacks[c0ffi.NATIVE_CHAR_CHR] = function(args) {
+    return String.fromCharCode(args[0]);
+}
+
+callbacks[c0ffi.NATIVE_CHAR_ORD] = function(args) {
+    console.log("native_car_ord: " + args);
+    if (typeof args[0] == "string")
+        return args[0].charCodeAt(0);
+    return args[0];
 }
 
 function doTest(filename, expected_result) {
@@ -57,11 +84,20 @@ exports.testDSQUARED = doTest("dsquared.c0.bc0", 17068);
     
 exports.testArrays = function(test) {
     test.throws(function () {
-        c0vm.execute(parser.parse("arrays.c0.bc0"), callbacks, true)
+        c0vm.execute(parser.parse("arrays.c0.bc0"), callbacks, false)
     });
     test.done();
 }
 
+exports.testMoreArray = function(test) {
+    printout = "";
+    var result = c0vm.execute(parser.parse("moreArrays.c0.bc0"), callbacks, false);
+    test.ok(printout == "2312",
+            "moreArrays.c0.bc0 - Did not print to screen correctly, result was " + 
+            printout);
+    test.done();
+}
+
 exports.testStructs = function(test) {
     printout = "";
     var result = c0vm.execute(parser.parse("structs.c0.bc0"), callbacks, false);
@@ -71,3 +107,29 @@ exports.testStructs = function(test) {
     test.done();
 }
 
+exports.testAbort = function(test) {
+    test.throws(function () {
+        c0vm.execute(parser.parse("abort.c0.bc0"), callbacks, false);
+    });
+    test.done();
+}
+
+exports.testArith = function(test) {
+    printout = "";
+    var result = c0vm.execute(parser.parse("arith.c0.bc0"), callbacks, false);
+    test.ok(printout == "-2147483648   2147483647   -375   -2147483648   -9   -1   12   \n-12   12   Modulus testing   11-1   5   1   Testing constants   -251   Testing inequalities   \ny1  y2  y3  n4  n5  n6  y7  Testing bitwise operators   \n992000   1045310   53250   -12083   Testing bit shifting\n-2147483648   7360588088-31-19\n",
+            "arith.c0.bc0 - Did not print to screen correctly, result was " + 
+            printout);
+    test.done();
+}
+
+exports.testPIAZZA1 = doTest("piazza1.c0.bc0", 18);
+
+exports.testSTRINGS = function(test) {
+    printout = "";
+    var result = c0vm.execute(parser.parse("strings.c0.bc0"), callbacks, false);
+    test.ok(printout == "hello there!?",
+            "strings.c0.bc0 - Did not print to screen correctly, result was " + 
+            printout);
+    test.done();
+}